Roman numerals converter
Convert a number to Roman numerals, or a Roman numeral to a number. Numbers from 1 to 3999 are supported. The steps are shown.
Worked example
With the values shown above when the page opens:
1994 = MCMXCIV
- 1994 − 1000 → M
- 994 − 900 → CM
- 94 − 90 → XC
- 4 − 4 → IV
How it works
- The symbols are I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = 1000.
- Symbols are added from largest to smallest: XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16.
- A smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted: IV = 4, IX = 9, XL = 40, XC = 90, CD = 400, CM = 900.
- The same symbol is never repeated more than three times in a row, which is why 4 is IV and not IIII.
Questions
Why does the converter stop at 3999?
Standard Roman numerals have no symbol above M (1000) and cannot repeat it more than three times. Larger numbers used a bar over the letters.
Is there a Roman numeral for zero?
No. The Romans had no symbol for zero.
Why is 1994 MCMXCIV?
M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90, IV = 4, and 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4 = 1994.
Related
Calculators are for learning and quick checks. Check important figures yourself, and do not rely on them for tax, legal or financial decisions.