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Vocabulary word list, A to Z

824 words with meanings and example sentences. Definitions and sentences are original. Level 1 = everyday academic, Level 2 = advanced.

By topic: People and character · Feelings and attitudes · Speaking, writing and arguing · Thinking and judging · Change, time and action · Size, amount and kind · Science and research · Society, work and rules

A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

A

abate verb level 2
to become less intense or widespread. The storm began to abate after midnight.
abdicate verb level 2
to give up a throne or high office. The king chose to abdicate in favor of his daughter.
aberration noun level 2
something that departs from what is normal or expected. One cold day in July was an aberration in an otherwise hot summer.
abhor verb level 2
to hate with strong feeling. She will abhor any form of cruelty.
abscond verb level 2
to leave quickly and secretly, often after stealing. The clerk tried to abscond with the money.
abstain verb level 2
to choose not to do something. Several members chose to abstain from the vote.
abstract adj level 1
existing as an idea rather than as a physical thing. Justice is an abstract idea, but a courtroom is a place you can walk into.
abstruse adj level 2
hard to understand because it is deep or complex. The lecture was so abstruse that even the experts looked puzzled.
abundant adj level 1
existing in large amounts; more than enough. Fresh water was abundant in the valley, so the village never ran short.
accolade noun level 2
an award or expression of praise. The film earned an accolade from every critic.
accumulate verb level 1
to gather or build up over time. Dust will accumulate on any shelf that is never cleaned.
accurate adj level 1
correct in every detail. The map was so accurate that we found the cave without asking anyone.
acerbic adj level 2
sharp and direct in tone. The critic's acerbic wit made her reviews famous.
acquiesce verb level 2
to agree without protest. After some thought, he chose to acquiesce to their plan.
acquire verb level 1
to gain or obtain something, often through effort. Children acquire language by listening long before they speak.
acrimonious adj level 2
angry and bitter in tone or manner. The meeting ended after an acrimonious exchange.
acumen noun level 2
the ability to make good judgments quickly. Her business acumen turned a small shop into a chain.
adamant adj level 2
refusing to change one's mind. He was adamant that the plan would not change.
adapt verb level 1
to change so as to suit new conditions. Some animals adapt quickly when their habitat changes.
adequate adj level 1
good enough for a particular need. Three hours is adequate time to finish the exam.
adjacent adj level 1
next to or very near something. The library is adjacent to the town hall.
admonish verb level 2
to warn or scold someone mildly. The teacher gave a look to admonish the noisy class.
adulation noun level 2
excessive praise or admiration. The singer basked in the adulation of her fans.
adversity noun level 2
difficulty or misfortune. She showed courage in the face of adversity.
advocate verb level 1
to publicly support a cause or plan. Doctors advocate regular exercise for people of all ages.
aesthetic adj level 2
concerned with beauty and the appreciation of it. The architect cared more about aesthetic effect than about cost.
affable adj level 2
friendly, kind and easy to talk to. The affable shopkeeper greeted every customer by name.
aggregate noun level 1
a total formed by adding many parts together. The aggregate of the scores decided the winner.
alacrity noun level 2
cheerful readiness to act. He accepted the invitation with alacrity.
allay verb level 2
to reduce fear or worry. The doctor's calm words helped allay her fears.
alleviate verb level 2
to make pain or hardship less severe. A warm bath can alleviate sore muscles.
allocate verb level 1
to give out a share of something for a particular use. The council will allocate more money to the library next year.
aloof adj level 2
distant and not friendly. He remained aloof from the gossip around him.
altruistic adj level 2
caring about the welfare of others more than yourself. The altruistic volunteer gave up her weekends to help.
amalgam noun level 2
a mixture or blend of different things. The city's food is an amalgam of many cultures.
ambiguous adj level 1
having more than one possible meaning. The sign was ambiguous, so half the tourists turned left and half turned right.
ambivalent adj level 2
having mixed or opposing feelings about something. She felt ambivalent about moving: excited, but sad to leave.
ameliorate verb level 2
to make a bad situation better. New drainage will ameliorate the flooding problem.
amenable adj level 2
willing to accept or be guided. She was amenable to changing the date.
anachronism noun level 2
something that belongs to a different time from the one it appears in. A wristwatch in a film about ancient Rome would be an anachronism.
analogy noun level 1
a comparison that shows how two things are alike. The teacher used an analogy between a heart and a pump.
analyze verb level 1
to examine something closely in order to understand it. The team will analyze the results before writing the report.
anomaly noun level 2
something that does not fit the usual pattern. The one warm day in January was a weather anomaly.
antagonize verb level 2
to cause someone to feel anger. Try not to antagonize the neighbors over a small matter.
anticipate verb level 1
to expect something and prepare for it. Good chess players anticipate their opponent's next move.
antipathy noun level 2
a strong feeling of dislike. There was a long-standing antipathy between the two families.
apathy noun level 2
a lack of interest or concern. Low voter turnout showed public apathy.
apocryphal adj level 2
of doubtful truth, though widely told. The story of the lost treasure is probably apocryphal.
apparent adj level 1
easy to see or understand; seeming to be true. It was apparent from her smile that the news was good.
appease verb level 2
to calm someone by giving in to their demands. The manager tried to appease the angry customers with a refund.
appropriate adj level 1
suitable for a particular situation. Formal clothes are appropriate for the ceremony.
approximate adj level 1
close to the exact amount but not precise. The approximate height of the tower is ninety meters.
aptitude noun level 2
a natural ability to do something well. She showed an aptitude for mathematics at a young age.
arbitrary adj level 1
based on whim or chance rather than reason. The rule seemed arbitrary because nobody could explain the reasoning behind it.
arcane adj level 2
known or understood by very few people. The contract was full of arcane legal terms.
archaic adj level 2
belonging to an earlier time and no longer in common use. The word "thou" is archaic in modern English.
ardent adj level 2
showing strong enthusiasm or passion. He was an ardent supporter of the local team.
ardor noun level 2
strong enthusiasm or passion. He spoke of his plans with great ardor.
arduous adj level 2
needing a lot of effort and endurance. The climb to the summit was arduous.
articulate adj level 2
able to express ideas clearly and well. An articulate speaker can make a hard topic easy to follow.
ascertain verb level 2
to find out something for certain. Detectives worked to ascertain what had happened.
ascetic adj level 2
living simply, without comforts or luxury. The monk led an ascetic life of prayer and plain food.
aspect noun level 1
one part or feature of something. Cost is only one aspect of the decision.
aspire verb level 2
to have a strong desire to achieve something. Many students aspire to become doctors.
assert verb level 1
to state something firmly and with confidence. She continued to assert that the data were correct.
assess verb level 1
to judge the quality, size or value of something. Inspectors came to assess the damage after the storm.
assiduous adj level 2
showing steady care and effort. Her assiduous work in the lab led to a breakthrough.
assuage verb level 2
to make an unpleasant feeling less severe. A cool drink helped assuage his thirst.
assume verb level 1
to accept something as true without proof. Do not assume the shop is open on a holiday.
astute adj level 2
clever and quick to see how to gain an advantage. An astute investor saw the change coming.
atrophy verb level 2
to waste away through lack of use. Muscles will atrophy if they are never used.
attain verb level 1
to succeed in reaching or achieving something. Few climbers attain the summit in winter.
attenuate verb level 2
to make weaker or thinner. Thick walls attenuate the sound of the street.
attribute verb level 1
to regard something as caused by or belonging to a person or thing. Scientists attribute the rise in sea level to melting ice.
audacious adj level 2
willing to take bold risks. The audacious plan had never been tried before.
augment verb level 2
to make larger or greater. She took a night job to augment her income.
auspicious adj level 2
suggesting that success is likely. The sunny morning was an auspicious start to the festival.
austere adj level 2
plain and severe, without decoration or comfort. The room was austere: a bed, a table and nothing else.
authority noun level 1
the power to give orders or make decisions. Only the manager has the authority to approve refunds.
avarice noun level 2
extreme greed for wealth. The miser's avarice left him with money but no friends.
avid adj level 2
showing great enthusiasm for something. He is an avid reader of history books.

B

banal adj level 2
so ordinary that it is boring. The film's banal dialogue made it forgettable.
beguile verb level 2
to charm or deceive someone. The storyteller could beguile children for hours.
belie verb level 2
to give a false impression of; to contradict. His calm voice would belie his nervousness.
belittle verb level 2
to make someone or something seem unimportant. A good coach never belittles a player for a mistake.
belligerent adj level 2
hostile and ready to fight. The belligerent customer shouted at the staff.
benevolent adj level 2
kind and generous. The benevolent donor paid for the new library.
benign adj level 2
gentle and kind, or not harmful. The doctor said the lump was benign.
bias noun level 1
an unfair leaning toward or against something. The judge stepped aside from the case because of a clear bias.
blithe adj level 2
cheerful and carefree, sometimes thoughtlessly so. She gave a blithe wave and strolled into the storm.
bolster verb level 2
to support or strengthen something. The extra evidence bolstered her case.
bombastic adj level 2
using grand, empty words to impress. The mayor's bombastic speech said very little.
boorish adj level 2
rude and rough in manner. His boorish behavior embarrassed the whole family.
brazen adj level 2
bold and without shame. It was a brazen lie, told with a straight face.
brevity noun level 2
the quality of being short. The speech was praised for its brevity.
brusque adj level 2
short and abrupt in speech or manner. The clerk gave a brusque reply and turned away.
bucolic adj level 2
relating to pleasant country life. They moved to a bucolic village surrounded by meadows.
buoyant adj level 2
able to float, or cheerful and hopeful. The team was buoyant after the win.
burgeon verb level 2
to grow or increase rapidly. The town's population began to burgeon after the factory opened.
burnish verb level 2
to polish something until it shines. He used a soft cloth to burnish the silver.

C

cacophony noun level 2
a harsh mix of loud sounds. A cacophony of horns filled the street.
cajole verb level 2
to persuade by flattery or gentle urging. She tried to cajole her brother into lending the car.
callous adj level 2
showing no concern for other people's feelings. It was callous to laugh at his mistake.
candid adj level 1
frank and honest, even when the truth is uncomfortable. She gave a candid answer about why the project had failed.
candor noun level 2
the quality of being open and honest. She spoke with refreshing candor about her failures.
capacity noun level 1
the amount something can hold, or the ability to do something. The stadium has a capacity of fifty thousand people.
capitulate verb level 2
to stop resisting and give in. After weeks of protest the board had to capitulate.
capricious adj level 2
changing suddenly and without a clear reason. The capricious weather ruined every picnic plan.
carp verb level 2
to complain in a petty way. Do not carp about small things on a lovely day.
castigate verb level 2
to criticize severely. The coach did not castigate the players but encouraged them.
catastrophe noun level 1
a sudden event that causes great damage or suffering. The flood was a catastrophe for the small town.
categorize verb level 1
to put things into groups according to type. Librarians categorize books by subject.
caustic adj level 2
sharp and bitter in a way that hurts. Her caustic remarks made the whole room go quiet.
cautious adj level 1
careful to avoid danger or mistakes. He was cautious on the icy path and tested each step.
censure verb level 2
to criticize someone formally and severely. The committee voted to censure the official for misusing funds.
charlatan noun level 2
a person who pretends to have skill or knowledge. The so-called healer turned out to be a charlatan.
chicanery noun level 2
the use of clever tricks to deceive. The company was accused of chicanery in its accounts.
chronological adj level 1
arranged in the order in which things happened. The museum displays the tools in chronological order.
circuitous adj level 2
longer than the direct way; indirect. We took a circuitous route to avoid the traffic.
circulate verb level 1
to move around a closed path, or to pass from person to person. Blood can circulate through the whole body in about a minute.
circumlocution noun level 2
the use of many words where fewer would do. His circumlocution hid the simple answer.
circumspect adj level 2
careful to consider risks before acting. She was circumspect about sharing her plans.
clamor noun level 2
a loud and confused noise, or a strong public demand. A clamor rose from the crowd at the gates.
clandestine adj level 2
done in secret. They held clandestine meetings in the old warehouse.
clarify verb level 1
to make something easier to understand. Could you clarify what you meant by that last sentence?
cloying adj level 2
sweet or sentimental to a sickening degree. The film's cloying ending left the audience groaning.
coalesce verb level 2
to come together to form one whole. Small groups began to coalesce into a movement.
coerce verb level 2
to make someone act by force or threats. No one should coerce another person into signing.
cogent adj level 2
clear, logical and convincing. He made a cogent case for changing the schedule.
coherent adj level 1
logical, consistent and easy to follow. Her argument was coherent from the first sentence to the last.
cohesive adj level 2
forming a united whole. The team became a cohesive group over the season.
coincide verb level 1
to happen at the same time. The festival will coincide with the school holidays.
collaborate verb level 1
to work together with others on a shared task. The two schools collaborate on a science fair every spring.
collapse verb level 1
to fall down or fail suddenly. The old roof could collapse under heavy snow.
commence verb level 1
to begin or start. The ceremony will commence at noon.
commensurate adj level 2
matching in size or degree. The pay should be commensurate with the experience.
compelling adj level 2
strongly holding attention or belief. The author made a compelling case for change.
compensate verb level 1
to make up for a loss or pay someone for harm. The company agreed to compensate the families for the damage.
compile verb level 1
to collect information and put it together. Students compile a list of sources for their reports.
complacent adj level 2
satisfied with how things are, and so not trying harder. Winning twice made the team complacent.
complement verb level 1
to go well with something and make it complete. The sour sauce will complement the sweet fruit.
compliant adj level 2
willing to follow rules or requests. The compliant child tidied the room without a fuss.
component noun level 1
one of the parts that make up a whole. The battery is the most expensive component of the device.
comprehensive adj level 1
covering everything that matters; thorough. The guidebook gives a comprehensive overview of the region.
comprise verb level 1
to be made up of. The committee will comprise five teachers and four parents.
concede verb level 2
to admit that something is true, often reluctantly. I must concede that you were right.
conceive verb level 1
to form an idea or plan in the mind. It is hard to conceive of a world without electricity.
conciliate verb level 2
to win over or make peace with someone. The mayor tried to conciliate the unhappy residents.
concise adj level 1
giving a lot of information in few words. A concise summary fits on a single page.
condescend verb level 2
to behave as if you are better than others. He would condescend to explain things to the staff.
condone verb level 2
to accept or allow bad behaviour. The school does not condone cheating of any kind.
conduct verb level 1
to organize and carry out an activity. Researchers conduct tests in a sealed laboratory.
conflate verb level 2
to combine two things into one, often wrongly. Do not conflate being busy with being productive.
conflict noun level 1
a serious disagreement or struggle. The conflict between the two towns lasted for years.
confront verb level 1
to face a problem or person directly. She decided to confront the problem before it grew worse.
congenial adj level 2
pleasant because it suits one's tastes or nature. The congenial company made the evening fly by.
consecutive adj level 1
following one after another without a break. It rained for five consecutive days.
consequence noun level 1
a result or effect of an earlier action. Missing the bus had an unexpected consequence: he met his future friend on the walk.
considerable adj level 1
fairly large in size, amount or importance. The project saved a considerable amount of money.
consistent adj level 1
always behaving or happening in the same way. Her consistent effort improved her scores month after month.
conspicuous adj level 2
easy to see; standing out. A red barn is conspicuous against the snow.
constitute verb level 1
to form or make up a whole. Twelve months constitute a year.
constrain verb level 1
to limit or restrict what someone can do. A small budget will constrain the choices available to the team.
consume verb level 1
to use up, eat or drink. Large cities consume enormous amounts of energy.
contemplate verb level 1
to think about something deeply. He sat by the river to contemplate his next step.
contemporary adj level 1
belonging to the present time; or living at the same time as another. The museum shows contemporary art next to older works.
contentious adj level 2
likely to cause disagreement. The contentious issue split the committee.
context noun level 1
the situation or words around something that give it meaning. A word's meaning often depends on its context.
contradict verb level 1
to say the opposite of something, or be in conflict with it. The new data contradict the old theory.
contrast noun level 1
a clear difference seen when two things are compared. The contrast between the quiet village and the busy city surprised her.
contrite adj level 2
feeling or showing sorrow for having done wrong. The contrite boy apologized to his teacher.
controversy noun level 1
a public argument about something many people disagree on. The new law caused a controversy in the town.
conundrum noun level 2
a confusing problem with no easy answer. How to be fair to everyone was a real conundrum.
convert verb level 1
to change something from one form or use to another. Engineers convert waste heat into electricity.
convey verb level 1
to make an idea or feeling known. A single photograph can convey a powerful message.
convoluted adj level 2
extremely complex and hard to follow. The plot was so convoluted that nobody could explain it.
copious adj level 2
existing in large amounts. She took copious notes during the lecture.
cordial adj level 2
warm and friendly. The hosts gave us a cordial welcome.
correspond verb level 1
to match or be closely connected with something. The numbers on the map correspond to the entries in the key.
corroborate verb level 2
to support a claim with more evidence. A second witness corroborated her story.
cower verb level 2
to crouch or shrink back in fear. The dog began to cower at the sound of thunder.
credulous adj level 2
too ready to believe things. Credulous shoppers believed the miracle claims on the label.
criteria noun level 1
the standards used to judge or decide something. The main criteria for the prize are originality and effort.
crucial adj level 1
extremely important; decisive. Sleep is crucial for learning new skills.
cryptic adj level 2
having a hidden or mysterious meaning. She left a cryptic note that nobody could decode.
culminate verb level 2
to reach a final high point. The season will culminate in a championship game.
cultivate verb level 1
to prepare land for crops, or to develop a skill or habit. Farmers cultivate rice in the flooded fields.
cumbersome adj level 2
large and awkward to carry or use. The old computer was cumbersome and slow.
cursory adj level 2
quick and not thorough. He gave the report a cursory glance and missed the error.
cycle noun level 1
a series of events that repeat in the same order. The water cycle moves water from the sea to the clouds and back.
cynical adj level 2
distrusting people's motives. He was cynical about promises made before elections.

D

daunt verb level 2
to make someone feel less confident or brave. The steep climb did not daunt the young hikers.
dearth noun level 2
a lack or scarcity of something. There is a dearth of affordable housing in the city.
debilitate verb level 2
to make very weak. A long illness can debilitate even a strong person.
debunk verb level 2
to show that an idea or claim is false. The scientist debunked the myth with a simple experiment.
decadent adj level 2
marked by indulgence and moral decline. The party was a decadent affair of rich food and wine.
decorum noun level 2
polite and proper behavior. The students kept perfect decorum during the ceremony.
deduce verb level 1
to reach a conclusion by reasoning from known facts. From the muddy boots, she deduced that he had walked through the field.
deference noun level 2
polite respect for someone's opinion or position. He spoke with deference to the older members.
define verb level 1
to state the exact meaning of something. The glossary will define each technical term.
defunct adj level 2
no longer existing or working. The defunct railway line is now a walking path.
deleterious adj level 2
causing harm or damage. Too little sleep has a deleterious effect on memory.
deliberate adj level 1
done on purpose; carefully planned. The pause was deliberate: she wanted the audience to think.
delineate verb level 2
to describe or mark out precisely. The report will delineate each worker's duties.
demur verb level 2
to raise doubts or show reluctance. When asked to sing, he chose to demur.
denigrate verb level 2
to criticize unfairly and belittle. It is unkind to denigrate someone's honest effort.
denounce verb level 2
to publicly say that something is wrong. Leaders gathered to denounce the attack.
deplete verb level 2
to use up or greatly reduce. Heavy fishing can deplete the stock of cod.
deplore verb level 2
to strongly disapprove of. Many people deplore the waste of food.
deprive verb level 1
to take something away from someone. A lack of sleep can deprive you of your best thinking.
deride verb level 2
to mock someone or something with scorn. Critics will deride the plan as foolish and costly.
derive verb level 1
to obtain something from a source. Many English words derive from Latin.
despot noun level 2
a ruler who holds absolute power and uses it cruelly. The despot silenced anyone who disagreed with him.
desultory adj level 2
lacking a plan or enthusiasm. They held a desultory conversation about the weather.
deter verb level 2
to put someone off from doing something. A loud alarm may deter thieves.
device noun level 1
a tool or machine made for a particular purpose. The small device measures the temperature of the soil.
devout adj level 2
deeply committed to religious faith. The devout pilgrim walked for many days.
diatribe noun level 2
a long, bitter speech against someone or something. He launched into a diatribe about the price of coffee.
dichotomy noun level 2
a division into two sharply different parts. There is a dichotomy between what he says and what he does.
didactic adj level 2
intended to teach, often in a way that sounds like lecturing. The story was too didactic and felt like a lecture.
diffident adj level 2
lacking confidence in oneself; shy. The diffident student rarely raised a hand.
diffuse adj level 2
spread over a wide area; not concentrated. The diffuse light of a cloudy sky is soft.
digress verb level 2
to wander away from the main subject. The speaker digressed into a story about his dog.
dilatory adj level 2
slow to act; delaying. The dilatory clerk took a week to reply.
diligent adj level 2
showing steady and careful effort. A diligent student reviews her notes each night.
dimension noun level 1
a measurement such as length, width or height. Measure each dimension of the room before buying the carpet.
discern verb level 2
to notice or recognise something that is not obvious. It was hard to discern the faint path in the fog.
discordant adj level 2
not in harmony; clashing. The discordant notes made the audience wince.
discreet adj level 2
careful not to attract attention or cause offense. Please be discreet about the surprise party.
disdain noun level 2
a feeling that someone or something is unworthy of respect. He looked at the cheap gift with open disdain.
disparage verb level 2
to speak of something as being of little value. Rivals tried to disparage her achievements.
disparate adj level 2
so different that comparison is hard. The report combined disparate sources of data.
dispel verb level 2
to make a feeling or idea disappear. Her kind words did dispel his doubts.
disperse verb level 2
to scatter in different directions. The crowd began to disperse when the rain started.
dispute noun level 1
an argument or disagreement. The dispute over the fence lasted for years.
dissemble verb level 2
to hide one's true feelings or intentions. She tried to dissemble, but her smile did not fool anyone.
disseminate verb level 2
to spread information widely. Schools disseminate the news by email.
dissent noun level 2
disagreement with an official or common opinion. There was little dissent among the committee.
distinct adj level 1
clearly different or separate from others. The two bird species have distinct songs.
distort verb level 2
to change the shape or meaning of something. The old glass will distort your reflection.
distribute verb level 1
to give out or spread among many people or places. Volunteers distribute food to local families every Friday.
diverse adj level 1
made up of many different kinds. The club has a diverse membership, from students to retirees.
divulge verb level 2
to reveal something private or secret. He refused to divulge the name of his source.
docile adj level 2
easy to teach, manage or control. The docile horse let the children climb on its back.
dogmatic adj level 2
insisting that your own beliefs are the only correct ones. A dogmatic leader refuses to hear other views.
domain noun level 1
an area of knowledge, activity or control. Chemistry is outside my domain of expertise.
dominant adj level 1
most powerful or most common in a group or situation. English is the dominant language in international aviation.
dormant adj level 2
temporarily inactive, as if asleep. The volcano has been dormant for centuries.
dubious adj level 2
doubtful or not to be trusted. The claim sounded dubious to everyone in the room.
duplicity noun level 2
deliberate deceit in what one says or does. His duplicity was revealed when the letters were found.
duration noun level 1
the length of time something lasts. The duration of the film is about two hours.
dynamic adj level 1
full of energy and constant change. The city's dynamic economy attracts workers from many countries.

E

ebullient adj level 2
cheerful and full of energy. The ebullient host greeted everyone at the door.
eccentric adj level 2
unconventional in an odd or unusual way. The eccentric professor wore a different hat every day.
eclectic adj level 2
drawing from many different sources. Her eclectic playlist ranged from jazz to folk to rock.
edify verb level 2
to instruct in a way that improves the mind. The lecture was meant to edify as well as entertain.
efface verb level 2
to rub out or make disappear. Centuries of rain had begun to efface the carving.
efficacy noun level 2
the ability to produce the intended result. Trials tested the efficacy of the new medicine.
egregious adj level 2
outstandingly bad; shocking. The report revealed an egregious error in the accounts.
elaborate adj level 1
very detailed and carefully worked out. They made elaborate plans for the surprise party.
elated adj level 2
extremely happy and excited. She was elated when the results came in.
elicit verb level 2
to draw out a reaction or answer. The magician's trick failed to elicit a single gasp.
eliminate verb level 1
to get rid of something completely. The new system will eliminate most of the paperwork.
eloquent adj level 2
fluent and persuasive in speech or writing. The eloquent speech moved the whole audience.
elusive adj level 2
hard to find, catch or remember. The elusive fox slipped away through the trees.
embellish verb level 2
to make more attractive by adding details. Do not embellish the facts when you tell the story.
emerge verb level 1
to come out or become known. A pattern began to emerge as more data arrived.
eminent adj level 2
famous and respected in a field. An eminent scientist opened the new laboratory.
empathy noun level 2
the ability to understand and share another's feelings. A good nurse shows empathy for every patient.
emphasize verb level 1
to give special importance to something. The coach tried to emphasize teamwork over personal glory.
empirical adj level 2
based on observation or experiment rather than theory. The claim needs empirical support, not just opinion.
emulate verb level 2
to try to equal or match, especially by imitating. Young players often emulate their favorite athletes.
enable verb level 1
to make it possible for someone to do something. New software will enable doctors to share records instantly.
endemic adj level 2
regularly found in a particular place. The disease is endemic in the warm lowlands.
enervate verb level 2
to drain someone of energy. The heat and humidity enervated the hikers.
enhance verb level 1
to make something better or stronger. Good lighting can enhance the look of a small room.
enigma noun level 2
a person or thing that is puzzling and hard to understand. The painter remains an enigma to historians.
enmity noun level 2
deep-rooted hostility between people. The enmity between the clans lasted generations.
enormous adj level 1
extremely large. An enormous crowd gathered in the square.
ensure verb level 1
to make certain that something happens. Check the locks to ensure that the house is secure.
ephemeral adj level 2
lasting only a very short time. Soap bubbles are beautiful but ephemeral.
equanimity noun level 2
calmness of mind, especially under pressure. She faced the bad news with remarkable equanimity.
equate verb level 1
to regard one thing as equal to another. Do not equate speed with skill.
equivocal adj level 2
open to more than one interpretation; deliberately vague. His equivocal reply left everyone unsure of his plans.
erode verb level 1
to wear away gradually. Wind and rain slowly erode the cliffs.
erratic adj level 2
not regular or steady; unpredictable. The train service has been erratic all week.
erudite adj level 2
having or showing great knowledge from study. The erudite professor could quote from dozens of books.
eschew verb level 2
to deliberately avoid or give up. He chose to eschew sweets for a month.
esoteric adj level 2
understood by only a small group with special knowledge. The club discussed esoteric points of chess theory.
essential adj level 1
absolutely necessary. Water is essential for all living things.
esteem noun level 2
respect and admiration. The teacher was held in high esteem by her pupils.
estimate verb level 1
to guess the size or value of something from the information you have. Engineers estimate that the bridge will take two years to build.
evaluate verb level 1
to form a judgement about the value or quality of something. Teachers evaluate each essay against the same checklist.
evanescent adj level 2
lasting only a very short time; fading quickly. The evanescent glow of the fireflies faded by midnight.
evident adj level 1
easily seen or understood. It was evident from her smile that the news was good.
evolve verb level 1
to develop gradually over time. Languages evolve as people use them in new ways.
exacerbate verb level 2
to make a problem worse. Scratching will only exacerbate the rash.
exaggerate verb level 1
to describe something as larger or more serious than it is. He tends to exaggerate how far he walks to school.
exasperate verb level 2
to annoy someone very much. Constant delays can exasperate even calm travelers.
exclude verb level 1
to keep out or leave out. The price does not exclude delivery.
exemplary adj level 2
serving as an excellent example. Her exemplary behaviour earned the class's respect.
exemplify verb level 2
to be a typical example of. Her kindness will exemplify the spirit of the school.
exhaustive adj level 2
thorough and complete. They carried out an exhaustive search of the building.
exhibit verb level 1
to show something in public. Local artists will exhibit their paintings in the hall.
exhort verb level 2
to strongly urge someone to do something. The coach would exhort the team to try harder.
exigent adj level 2
urgent and demanding attention. The exigent need for water drove them onward.
exonerate verb level 2
to clear of blame. New evidence will exonerate the accused man.
expand verb level 1
to become or make larger. Metal will expand when it is heated.
expedient adj level 2
useful for a purpose, though not always fair. It seemed expedient to leave before the storm.
explicit adj level 2
clearly and fully stated, leaving no doubt. The rules are explicit about when to arrive.
expose verb level 1
to uncover or leave open to something. Do not expose the photographs to direct sunlight.
expunge verb level 2
to remove completely. The court agreed to expunge the record.
external adj level 1
on the outside; coming from outside. The external walls were painted white.
extol verb level 2
to praise enthusiastically. Reviewers extol the novel as a masterpiece.
extract verb level 1
to remove or take out. Workers extract salt from the sea in shallow pools.
extraneous adj level 2
not directly connected with the subject. Delete any extraneous details from your essay.

F

fabricate verb level 2
to make up something false, or to build. He was fired for trying to fabricate the results.
facade noun level 2
the front of a building, or a false outward appearance. Behind his cheerful facade, he was deeply worried.
facetious adj level 2
treating serious matters with silly humor. A facetious remark spoiled the serious mood.
facilitate verb level 1
to make a process easier. A good chair will facilitate the discussion instead of dominating it.
factor noun level 1
something that helps to produce a result. Weather was a major factor in the team's late arrival.
fallacy noun level 2
a mistaken belief, or a flaw in reasoning. It is a fallacy that lightning never strikes twice.
fallible adj level 2
capable of making mistakes. Even experts are fallible.
fanatical adj level 2
filled with extreme and uncritical enthusiasm. He was fanatical about keeping his lawn perfect.
fastidious adj level 2
very careful about detail and cleanliness. A fastidious cook, he measured every spoonful.
fatuous adj level 2
silly and pointless. The fatuous question wasted everyone's time.
feasible adj level 1
possible to do; practical. Building the bridge in a year is feasible if the weather helps.
feign verb level 2
to pretend to feel or be something. She would feign sleep to avoid doing the dishes.
fervent adj level 2
showing intense and sincere feeling. They made a fervent plea for help.
fervor noun level 2
intense and passionate feeling. The crowd cheered with great fervor.
fickle adj level 2
changing often, especially in loyalty or affection. The fickle weather ruined our plans.
finesse noun level 2
skill and delicacy in handling something. The pianist played with great finesse.
flagrant adj level 2
obviously and openly wrong. The referee punished the flagrant foul at once.
flamboyant adj level 2
striking and confident in style. He wore a flamboyant scarf of orange and gold.
fledgling adj level 2
new and without much experience. The fledgling company had only five staff.
flexible adj level 1
able to bend or change easily. A flexible timetable lets students work at their own pace.
flout verb level 2
to openly ignore a rule. Drivers who flout the speed limit risk a fine.
fluctuate verb level 1
to rise and fall without a steady pattern. Prices fluctuate with the seasons.
foment verb level 2
to stir up trouble or unrest. The speaker tried to foment anger among the workers.
forestall verb level 2
to act in advance to prevent something. Quick action helped forestall a larger crisis.
forlorn adj level 2
pitifully sad and alone. A forlorn puppy waited by the empty house.
formidable adj level 2
causing fear or respect because of size or power. The team faced a formidable opponent in the final.
fortitude noun level 2
strength of mind in facing pain or difficulty. She bore her illness with great fortitude.
fortuitous adj level 2
happening by lucky chance. A fortuitous meeting led to their partnership.
fractious adj level 2
easily upset or quarrelsome. The fractious meeting ended without any agreement.
frivolous adj level 2
not serious or sensible. She regretted spending the money on something frivolous.
frugal adj level 2
careful about spending money. Their frugal habits let them save for a house.
function noun level 1
the purpose or job of a thing. The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body.
fundamental adj level 1
forming the basic part of something. Reading fluently is fundamental to every other subject.
furtive adj level 2
done in a secret, sneaky way. He gave the clock a furtive glance during the lesson.
futile adj level 2
useless because it cannot succeed. It is futile to argue with the weather.

G

galvanize verb level 2
to shock or excite into taking action. The disaster would galvanize the town into action.
garrulous adj level 2
talking a lot, especially about unimportant things. The garrulous neighbour could talk for an hour about the weather.
generate verb level 1
to produce or cause something to exist. Wind turbines generate electricity without burning fuel.
genial adj level 2
friendly and cheerful. The genial host kept the conversation going.
germane adj level 2
relevant to the subject being discussed. Please keep your comments germane to the topic.
glib adj level 2
fluent but not sincere or deep. His glib answer did not explain anything.
gradual adj level 1
happening slowly and in small steps. There has been a gradual rise in temperature.
gratuitous adj level 2
done without good reason; unnecessary. The film had gratuitous scenes of violence.
gravity noun level 2
seriousness, or the force that pulls things to the earth. The gravity of the situation became clear to everyone.
gregarious adj level 2
enjoying the company of other people. A gregarious child, she made friends within minutes.
guarantee verb level 1
to promise that something will happen or be true. The shop will guarantee the repair for a year.
guile noun level 2
clever and sly skill at tricking others. The fox in the story used guile to escape.

H

hackneyed adj level 2
overused and no longer fresh or interesting. The movie relied on hackneyed plot twists.
haphazard adj level 2
lacking any order or plan. Books were stacked in a haphazard pile.
hapless adj level 2
unlucky and unfortunate. The hapless traveler missed every train that day.
harangue verb level 2
to lecture someone at length in an angry way. The coach would harangue the team after every loss.
harbinger noun level 2
something that signals what is coming. The first robin is a harbinger of spring.
haughty adj level 2
arrogantly proud and looking down on others. The haughty waiter ignored our questions.
hazard noun level 1
something that could cause danger or harm. A wet floor is a hazard to anyone walking by.
hegemony noun level 2
leadership or control by one group over others. The empire kept its hegemony over the region for a century.
hence adv level 1
for this reason; as a result. The road was flooded, hence the long delay.
heretical adj level 2
going against accepted beliefs. His heretical theory shocked the scientific community.
hierarchy noun level 1
a system that ranks people or things from highest to lowest. The company has a clear hierarchy, from interns to the director.
hinder verb level 2
to make it difficult for something to happen. Heavy snow will hinder the rescue effort.
hone verb level 2
to sharpen or perfect a skill. She spent years to hone her skill as a violinist.
hubris noun level 2
excessive pride and self-confidence. His hubris led him to ignore every warning.
humility noun level 2
a modest view of one's own importance. The champion showed great humility in victory.
hypocrisy noun level 2
pretending to have beliefs one does not hold. It is hypocrisy to preach thrift and then overspend.
hypothesis noun level 1
an idea put forward to be tested. Her hypothesis was that plants grow faster with more light.
hypothetical adj level 1
based on an imagined situation rather than a real one. She gave a hypothetical example to explain the rule.

I

iconoclast noun level 2
a person who attacks widely held beliefs. The iconoclast mocked traditions others held sacred.
identical adj level 1
exactly the same in every detail. The twins wore identical coats.
idiosyncrasy noun level 2
a peculiar habit or feature of one person. Eating dessert first was one of her harmless idiosyncrasies.
idyllic adj level 2
peaceful and picturesque. They spent an idyllic week by the lake.
ignominious adj level 2
causing public shame or disgrace. The team suffered an ignominious defeat.
illicit adj level 2
not allowed by law or custom. The police shut down the illicit trade.
illustrate verb level 1
to explain or show something using examples or pictures. The chart illustrates how prices rose over ten years.
imminent adj level 2
about to happen. Dark clouds warned that a storm was imminent.
immutable adj level 2
not able to be changed. The laws of nature are immutable.
impact noun level 1
a strong effect on something. The new road had a big impact on local trade.
impartial adj level 2
treating all sides equally; not biased. An impartial referee does not favour either team.
impassive adj level 2
showing no emotion. The judge remained impassive as the verdict was read.
impeccable adj level 2
without fault; perfect. Her manners were impeccable.
impede verb level 2
to slow down or get in the way of. Fallen trees impede traffic on the mountain road.
impending adj level 2
about to happen, often something unpleasant. An impending storm sent everyone indoors.
imperative adj level 2
of vital importance. It is imperative that we leave on time.
impervious adj level 2
not affected by; not allowing anything through. The coat is impervious to rain.
impetuous adj level 2
acting quickly without thinking. His impetuous decision to quit left him with no job.
implacable adj level 2
impossible to calm or change. The implacable storm battered the coast all night.
implement verb level 1
to put a plan or decision into action. The school will implement the new schedule in September.
implication noun level 1
a likely result, or something suggested but not said. The report's implication is that costs will rise.
implicit adj level 2
suggested but not directly stated. There was an implicit warning in her tone.
imply verb level 1
to suggest something without saying it directly. His silence seemed to imply that he disagreed.
impose verb level 1
to force something on people. The city plans to impose a limit on traffic.
impudent adj level 2
rudely disrespectful. The impudent boy stuck out his tongue.
inadvertent adj level 2
done without meaning to. An inadvertent click deleted the file.
inane adj level 2
silly and without meaning. He asked an inane question that had already been answered.
incentive noun level 1
something that encourages a person to act. A bonus is a strong incentive to work harder.
incessant adj level 2
continuing without a pause. The incessant noise kept her awake.
inchoate adj level 2
only just begun and not fully formed. He had only an inchoate idea of what the book would be about.
incisive adj level 2
clear, sharp and direct in thought or expression. An incisive question exposed the flaw in the plan.
incite verb level 2
to encourage violent or unlawful behavior. The speech was meant to incite a riot.
incongruous adj level 2
out of place or not fitting with its surroundings. A neon sign looked incongruous on the ancient stone wall.
incorporate verb level 1
to include something as part of a whole. The design will incorporate solar panels.
indicate verb level 1
to show or point out. Dark clouds often indicate that rain is coming.
indict verb level 2
to formally accuse of a crime. A jury voted to indict the mayor.
indigenous adj level 2
originating in a particular place; native. The kiwi is indigenous to New Zealand.
indolent adj level 2
unwilling to work; lazy. The indolent cat slept through the whole afternoon.
induce verb level 2
to persuade or bring about. Nothing could induce her to change her mind.
ineffable adj level 2
too great or beautiful to be put into words. The view from the summit filled her with ineffable joy.
inept adj level 2
having or showing no skill. The inept juggler dropped every ball.
inertia noun level 2
a tendency to do nothing or remain unchanged. Inertia kept the committee from taking any action.
inevitable adj level 1
certain to happen; unavoidable. With so little preparation, failure was inevitable.
inexorable adj level 2
impossible to stop or change. The inexorable tide crept up the beach.
infamous adj level 2
well known for something bad. The infamous pirate terrorized the coast.
infer verb level 1
to work out something from evidence rather than being told. We can infer from the wet pavement that it rained overnight.
infrastructure noun level 1
the basic systems a place needs, such as roads, power and water. Good infrastructure helps a town's businesses grow.
ingenious adj level 2
clever, original and inventive. She found an ingenious way to fix the leak.
ingenuous adj level 2
innocent and open; lacking cunning. Her ingenuous question made the adults smile.
inherent adj level 1
existing as a natural, permanent part of something. Some risk is inherent in any adventure.
inhibit verb level 1
to hold back or slow the growth of something. Deep shade can inhibit the growth of grass.
initial adj level 1
happening at the beginning; first. Her initial reaction was surprise, and anger came later.
initiate verb level 1
to start something. The mayor will initiate a recycling programme next month.
innate adj level 2
existing from birth; natural. She has an innate sense of rhythm.
innocuous adj level 2
not harmful or offensive. The comment seemed innocuous, but it upset him.
innovate verb level 1
to introduce new ideas or methods. Companies that innovate often lead their markets.
inordinate adj level 2
unusually or excessively large. He spent an inordinate amount of time on the task.
insidious adj level 2
slowly and secretly causing harm. The insidious disease went unnoticed for years.
insight noun level 1
a deep and clear understanding of something. The book offers real insight into how bees live.
insipid adj level 2
lacking flavour or interest. The soup was insipid and needed salt.
insular adj level 2
ignorant of or uninterested in other cultures or ideas. The insular town rarely welcomed strangers.
integral adj level 1
necessary as a basic part of something. Music is an integral part of the festival.
integrate verb level 1
to combine parts into a whole. The app will integrate maps, tickets and timetables.
integrity noun level 2
the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. The judge was known for her integrity.
intense adj level 1
very strong or extreme. The heat was so intense that the paint blistered.
interact verb level 1
to communicate with or affect one another. Visitors can interact with the exhibits by touching them.
interminable adj level 2
seeming to go on forever. The interminable speech put the audience to sleep.
interpret verb level 1
to explain the meaning of something. Two critics can interpret the same poem in opposite ways.
interval noun level 1
a space of time or distance between two things. There was a short interval between the two acts.
intimidate verb level 2
to frighten someone into doing something. Bullies try to intimidate smaller children.
intractable adj level 2
hard to control or deal with. The intractable problem baffled the engineers.
intransigent adj level 2
refusing to change an opinion or agree. Intransigent on both sides, they never reached a deal.
intrepid adj level 2
fearless and adventurous. The intrepid explorer crossed the desert alone.
inundate verb level 2
to overwhelm with a large amount. The helpline was inundated with calls after the broadcast.
inure verb level 2
to accustom someone to something unpleasant. Years at sea helped inure the crew to harsh weather.
invective noun level 2
harsh insulting language. The debate descended into invective.
invest verb level 1
to put money, time or effort into something for a later benefit. Many families invest in education for their children.
inveterate adj level 2
having a long-standing habit that is unlikely to change. He is an inveterate liar.
irascible adj level 2
easily made angry. The irascible chef shouted at the smallest mistake.
irate adj level 2
very angry. An irate customer demanded to see the manager.
irrevocable adj level 2
impossible to change or undo. She made an irrevocable decision to leave.
isolate verb level 1
to separate something from others. Doctors isolate patients with infections to stop them spreading.
itinerant adj level 2
traveling from place to place. An itinerant preacher visited the villages each spring.

J

jaded adj level 2
tired and bored from having too much of something. The jaded critic had seen every kind of film.
jeopardy noun level 2
danger of loss or harm. The delay put the whole project in jeopardy.
jocular adj level 2
fond of joking; humorous. His jocular manner put the nervous guests at ease.
jubilant adj level 2
feeling or showing great joy over success. Jubilant fans poured into the streets.
judicious adj level 2
showing good judgment. A judicious use of salt makes the soup taste better.
justify verb level 1
to show or prove that something is reasonable. She had to justify every cost in the budget.
juxtapose verb level 2
to place side by side to compare or contrast. The gallery will juxtapose old photographs with new ones.

L

laconic adj level 2
using very few words. His laconic reply was a single word: "Fine."
lament verb level 2
to express grief or sorrow. Villagers lament the loss of their old school.
languid adj level 2
slow and relaxed, without energy. They spent a languid afternoon by the pool.
latent adj level 2
present but not yet visible or active. The test revealed a latent talent for music.
laud verb level 2
to praise highly. Critics lauded the film's stunning photography.
laudable adj level 2
deserving praise. Her goal of cleaning the river is laudable.
lavish adj level 2
rich, abundant and extravagant. The couple threw a lavish party for two hundred guests.
lethargic adj level 2
feeling sluggish and without energy. The heat left everyone lethargic.
levity noun level 2
lightness of mood in a serious situation. A joke brought a moment of levity to the long meeting.
linear adj level 1
arranged in a straight line, or developing in simple steps. The film is not linear; it jumps between past and present.
loathe verb level 2
to dislike intensely. I loathe waiting in long lines.
loquacious adj level 2
very talkative. The loquacious guide never stopped talking.
lucid adj level 2
clearly expressed and easy to understand. A lucid explanation cleared up the confusion.
lucrative adj level 2
producing a great deal of money. He left teaching for a more lucrative job.
lurid adj level 2
shockingly vivid or sensational. The newspaper printed lurid details of the crime.

M

magnanimous adj level 2
generous and forgiving, especially toward a rival. The winner was magnanimous and praised her opponent.
maintain verb level 1
to keep something in good condition or at the same level. Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy heart.
malevolent adj level 2
wishing harm to others. The villain gave the hero a malevolent smile.
malign verb level 2
to say harmful and untrue things about someone. Do not malign a person who cannot defend himself.
malleable adj level 2
easily shaped or influenced. Gold is malleable and can be hammered into thin sheets.
mandate noun level 2
an official order or authority to act. The voters gave the mayor a clear mandate.
mature adj level 1
fully grown or developed. A mature oak can live for hundreds of years.
maverick noun level 2
an independent person who does not follow the group. The maverick designer ignored every fashion rule.
meander verb level 2
to follow a winding course, or to wander aimlessly. The river will meander through the green valley.
mechanism noun level 1
a system of parts, or a process, that works to produce an effect. The lock's mechanism is hidden inside the door.
mediate verb level 1
to help two sides reach an agreement. A neutral teacher was asked to mediate the argument.
melancholy noun level 2
a deep, lasting sadness without clear cause. A feeling of melancholy settled over the house.
mendacious adj level 2
not telling the truth. The mendacious witness was caught in several lies.
mercurial adj level 2
changing mood quickly and unpredictably. The mercurial star was cheerful one minute and furious the next.
merge verb level 1
to combine into one. The two rivers merge before reaching the sea.
methodology noun level 1
a system of methods used in a study or activity. The report explains the methodology behind the survey.
meticulous adj level 2
showing great attention to detail. The meticulous editor caught every typo.
migrate verb level 1
to move from one region to another, often with the seasons. Many birds migrate south before winter.
mimic verb level 2
to copy the speech or behavior of someone. Parrots can mimic human voices.
minimal adj level 1
as small in amount as possible. The storm caused minimal damage to the village.
minuscule adj level 2
extremely small. The text was minuscule and hard to read.
mirth noun level 2
amusement shown in laughter. The clown's antics filled the tent with mirth.
misanthrope noun level 2
a person who dislikes and avoids other people. The misanthrope lived alone at the end of a long road.
mitigate verb level 2
to make something less severe. Planting trees can mitigate the effects of heat.
modify verb level 1
to change something slightly. They had to modify the plan when the budget was cut.
mollify verb level 2
to calm someone who is upset. A sincere apology mollified the angry customer.
monitor verb level 1
to watch and check something over a period of time. Nurses monitor the patient's heart rate through the night.
morose adj level 2
sullen and gloomy. He sat morose in the corner for the whole party.
mundane adj level 2
ordinary and lacking excitement. She wrote about the mundane details of daily life.
munificent adj level 2
very generous. A munificent donor paid for the new library wing.
mutual adj level 1
felt or done by each toward the other. They have a mutual respect for one another.

N

nadir noun level 2
the lowest point of something. The team's nadir came with a loss by forty points.
nascent adj level 2
just beginning to exist and develop. The nascent company had only three employees.
nebulous adj level 2
vague and not clearly defined. He had only a nebulous idea of what the job involved.
nefarious adj level 2
wicked or criminal. The villain's nefarious plot was finally exposed.
negligible adj level 1
so small that it is not worth considering. The difference in cost was negligible.
neophyte noun level 2
a beginner or newcomer. The neophyte needed help with even the simplest steps.
nonchalant adj level 2
calm and not showing worry. She gave a nonchalant shrug and walked on.
norm noun level 1
the usual or expected way of doing things. Working from home has become the norm for many people.
notion noun level 1
an idea, belief or understanding. He had a vague notion of how the machine worked.
notorious adj level 2
famous for something bad. The road is notorious for accidents.
novice noun level 2
a person new to a skill or activity. The novice climber needed a guide.
noxious adj level 2
poisonous or very unpleasant. Noxious fumes drifted from the factory.

O

obdurate adj level 2
stubbornly refusing to change one's mind. The obdurate council refused every compromise.
objective adj level 1
based on facts, not personal feelings. A good judge stays objective and weighs the evidence.
oblivious adj level 2
not aware of what is happening around you. She was oblivious to the noise and kept on reading.
obscure adj level 1
not well known; or hard to understand. The author was obscure until her third novel became a hit.
obsequious adj level 2
too eager to please or obey. The obsequious assistant agreed with everything the boss said.
obsolete adj level 1
no longer used because something better exists. Film cameras became almost obsolete once phones took good pictures.
obtain verb level 1
to get something, especially by asking or trying. You must obtain a permit before building a fence.
obvious adj level 1
easy to see or understand. The answer was obvious once she saw the whole diagram.
occupy verb level 1
to fill or take up space, time or attention. The new exhibit will occupy the entire first floor.
officious adj level 2
too eager to give orders or advice. The officious guard stopped everyone at the gate.
ominous adj level 2
suggesting that something bad will happen. Ominous clouds gathered over the hills.
onerous adj level 2
needing heavy effort; burdensome. Cleaning the whole house was an onerous task.
opaque adj level 2
not able to be seen through; hard to understand. The opaque glass let in light but hid the view.
opulent adj level 2
very rich and luxurious. The hotel lobby was opulent, with gold on every surface.
ornate adj level 2
richly decorated with detail. The ornate ceiling was covered in gold leaf.
ostentatious adj level 2
designed to impress with show or wealth. The ostentatious mansion had gold on every door.
ostracize verb level 2
to exclude someone from a group. The villagers chose to ostracize the stranger.
oust verb level 2
to force out of a position. Voters moved to oust the mayor from office.
outcome noun level 1
the way something turns out. Nobody could predict the outcome of the vote.
overlap verb level 1
to cover part of the same area or time. The two courses overlap in their first month.
overt adj level 2
done or shown openly. There was no overt sign of trouble.

P

palatable adj level 2
pleasant to taste or acceptable to the mind. Salt made the plain soup more palatable.
panacea noun level 2
a solution said to solve all problems. No single law can be a panacea for poverty.
paradigm noun level 1
a typical pattern or model of something. The discovery created a new paradigm in physics.
paradox noun level 2
a statement or situation that seems contradictory but may be true. It is a paradox that the more choices we have, the harder it is to choose.
paragon noun level 2
a perfect example of a quality. She was a paragon of patience with the little ones.
parallel adj level 1
going in the same direction and always the same distance apart. The railway runs parallel to the river.
pariah noun level 2
a person rejected by society. After the scandal he became a pariah in town.
parsimonious adj level 2
unwilling to spend money; very stingy. The parsimonious owner refused to heat the office.
partisan adj level 2
strongly supporting one side, often without thought. The partisan crowd booed the visiting team.
pathos noun level 2
a quality that arouses pity or sadness. The film's pathos brought tears to many eyes.
paucity noun level 2
a small or insufficient amount. There is a paucity of evidence for the claim.
pedantic adj level 2
overly concerned with small details and rules. A pedantic editor corrected the font size in a joke.
penchant noun level 2
a strong liking for something. She has a penchant for mystery novels.
perfidious adj level 2
betraying trust; disloyal. The perfidious friend sold her secrets to a rival.
perfunctory adj level 2
done quickly with little care. He gave the room a perfunctory sweep and left.
peripheral adj level 2
on the edge; of secondary importance. These are peripheral issues and can wait.
pernicious adj level 2
having a harmful effect, often gradually. The pernicious rumour slowly damaged her reputation.
perpetual adj level 2
never ending or changing. The mountain was capped in perpetual snow.
persist verb level 1
to continue firmly despite difficulty. If the cough persists, see a doctor.
perspective noun level 1
a particular way of thinking about something. Travel gave him a wider perspective on life.
perspicacious adj level 2
quick to notice and understand things. A perspicacious reader spotted the clue on page one.
pertinent adj level 2
directly relevant to the matter at hand. She asked a pertinent question about the budget.
pervade verb level 2
to spread through and be felt in every part. The smell of baking bread will pervade the whole house.
pervasive adj level 2
spreading through every part. The pervasive smell of smoke filled the house.
phenomenon noun level 1
something that can be observed to happen, especially something unusual. The northern lights are a natural phenomenon seen near the poles.
phlegmatic adj level 2
not easily excited; calm. The phlegmatic captain showed no fear.
pious adj level 2
showing deep respect for religion. The pious villagers attended services every day.
pithy adj level 2
short and full of meaning. His pithy advice fit on a single card.
pivotal adj level 2
of vital importance to the outcome. The goal was pivotal to the team's victory.
placate verb level 2
to calm someone who is angry. A refund helped placate the unhappy customer.
plausible adj level 1
seeming reasonable or likely to be true. The excuse sounded plausible until we checked the dates.
plethora noun level 2
a large or excessive amount. The menu offered a plethora of choices.
poignant adj level 2
causing a keen feeling of sadness. The poignant letter was written to a lost friend.
policy noun level 1
a plan of action agreed by a group or government. The school has a strict policy on homework.
ponderous adj level 2
slow and clumsy because of weight; dull. The ponderous speech seemed to last for hours.
portend verb level 2
to be a sign that something is about to happen. Dark clouds portend a change in the weather.
postulate verb level 2
to suggest or assume as a basis for reasoning. Scientists postulate that the universe is expanding.
potential noun level 1
the possibility of future growth or success. The young player has real potential.
pragmatic adj level 2
dealing with things in a practical, sensible way. A pragmatic leader chooses what works over what sounds grand.
prattle verb level 2
to talk at length about unimportant things. The children prattle on about their toys.
precarious adj level 2
not safe or stable; likely to fall or fail. The vase sat in a precarious position on the edge of the shelf.
precipitate adj level 2
done suddenly and without enough thought. The precipitate sale cost them a lot of money.
precise adj level 1
exact and careful in detail. The recipe needs precise measurements.
precocious adj level 2
having developed skills earlier than usual. The precocious child could read at age three.
predict verb level 1
to say what will happen in the future. Meteorologists predict heavy rain by Friday.
predilection noun level 2
a special liking for something. She has a predilection for strong coffee.
preliminary adj level 1
coming before the main part. Preliminary results suggest the treatment works.
preposterous adj level 2
completely absurd or ridiculous. The idea that cats can fly is preposterous.
prescient adj level 2
knowing or seeming to know what will happen. Her prescient warning about the flood saved lives.
presume verb level 1
to suppose something is true without proof. I presume you have already eaten.
presumptuous adj level 2
too bold and confident in an impolite way. It was presumptuous of him to sit at the head of the table.
pretentious adj level 2
trying to seem more important or cultured than one is. The pretentious menu used words nobody understood.
prevalent adj level 1
widespread at a particular time or place. Colds are most prevalent in winter.
primary adj level 1
most important; main. The primary reason for the delay was a lack of staff.
principle noun level 1
a basic rule or truth that guides thinking or behavior. The principle of fairness applies to everyone.
priority noun level 1
something that is more important than others. Safety is our first priority.
pristine adj level 2
in its original, unspoiled condition. The pristine beach had no footprints on it.
probity noun level 2
strong moral principles; honesty. The judge was known for her probity.
procedure noun level 1
a set of steps for doing something. Follow the correct procedure when you leave the building.
prodigal adj level 2
spending money or resources recklessly. The prodigal heir spent the fortune in a year.
prodigious adj level 2
remarkably great in size or amount. The young pianist had a prodigious talent.
profligate adj level 2
recklessly extravagant. The profligate heir spent the fortune in two years.
profound adj level 2
very great or deep. The speech had a profound effect on the audience.
profuse adj level 2
given or flowing in large amounts. He offered profuse thanks for the help.
prohibit verb level 1
to forbid something by rule or law. The rules prohibit phones in the exam room.
proliferate verb level 2
to increase rapidly in number. Weeds proliferate after a warm, wet spring.
prolific adj level 2
producing a great deal. The prolific author wrote forty novels.
promote verb level 1
to support or help something to grow. Exercise helps promote good health.
propensity noun level 2
a natural tendency to behave in a certain way. He has a propensity to arrive late.
propitious adj level 2
giving or showing good chances of success. It was a propitious moment to ask for a raise.
proportion noun level 1
a part of a whole, or the relationship between two amounts. A large proportion of the students walk to school.
prosaic adj level 2
plain and unimaginative; ordinary. Her prosaic answer disappointed those hoping for a story.
prospect noun level 1
a possibility or something expected in the future. The prospect of rain spoiled our picnic plans.
prudent adj level 2
showing good judgement and care about the future. It is prudent to save some money each month.
pugnacious adj level 2
always ready for a quarrel or a scrap. The pugnacious customer argued with everyone in the shop.
pungent adj level 2
having a sharp, strong smell or taste. The pungent smell of garlic filled the kitchen.

Q

quaint adj level 2
attractively unusual or old-fashioned. They stayed in a quaint cottage by the sea.
quandary noun level 2
a state of not knowing what to do. He was in a quandary over which job to accept.
quell verb level 2
to put an end to; to calm. Police moved in to quell the disturbance.
querulous adj level 2
complaining in a whining way. The querulous guest found fault with everything.
quixotic adj level 2
extremely idealistic and unrealistic. The quixotic plan to end all traffic by next year failed.

R

radical adj level 1
very different from the usual; extreme. The inventor proposed a radical change to the engine.
rampant adj level 2
spreading in an uncontrolled way. Weeds ran rampant through the neglected garden.
rancor noun level 2
deep, lasting bitterness or resentment. There was no rancor between them after the match.
ratify verb level 2
to formally approve an agreement. The council must ratify the contract.
ratio noun level 1
the relationship between two amounts. The ratio of boys to girls in the class is even.
rational adj level 1
based on clear thinking rather than feeling. She made a rational choice after comparing the costs.
rebuke verb level 2
to speak sharply to someone for doing wrong. The teacher will rebuke any student who cheats.
rebuttal noun level 2
an argument that shows another claim to be false. The lawyer prepared a detailed rebuttal.
recalcitrant adj level 2
stubbornly resisting authority or control. The recalcitrant mule refused to move.
recant verb level 2
to say publicly that you no longer hold a belief. Under pressure, the witness chose to recant his story.
reciprocal adj level 2
given and received in return. They had a reciprocal agreement to share the costs.
reclusive adj level 2
avoiding other people; living alone. The reclusive author rarely gave interviews.
redundant adj level 2
not needed because it repeats something else. "Free gift" is redundant: gifts are already free.
refute verb level 2
to prove that a claim is wrong. The data refute the claim that the river is polluted.
regulate verb level 1
to control by rules or by adjusting. A thermostat helps regulate the temperature of a house.
reinforce verb level 1
to make stronger, especially by adding support. Workers reinforce the walls with steel bars.
relegate verb level 2
to move to a lower position. The league may relegate the team to a lower division.
reluctant adj level 1
not willing; hesitant. He was reluctant to speak in front of the whole school.
remedy noun level 2
a way of curing or solving a problem. Rest is the best remedy for a cold.
remorse noun level 2
deep regret for something one has done. He felt sharp remorse for the harsh words.
render verb level 2
to cause to be in a certain state. The snow will render the road impassable.
repel verb level 2
to drive back or to cause disgust. This spray will repel mosquitoes.
replete adj level 2
filled or well supplied with something. The garden was replete with roses.
reprehensible adj level 2
deserving blame or disapproval. Lying to the public was a reprehensible act.
reprieve noun level 2
a delay or cancellation of punishment or trouble. The rain gave the farmers a brief reprieve from the drought.
reproach noun level 2
an expression of disapproval or disappointment. Her look of reproach said more than words.
repudiate verb level 2
to refuse to accept or be associated with. The senator chose to repudiate the rumor.
repugnant adj level 2
causing strong dislike or disgust. The cruelty was repugnant to everyone.
rescind verb level 2
to take back or cancel officially. The school will rescind the rule after complaints.
resilient adj level 2
able to recover quickly after difficulty. Children are often more resilient than adults expect.
resolve verb level 1
to find a solution to a problem or disagreement. They met to resolve the scheduling conflict.
resource noun level 1
something useful that can be used, such as water or time. Fresh water is a precious resource.
respite noun level 2
a short period of rest from something difficult. The shady bench offered a welcome respite from the heat.
restive adj level 2
unable to stay still or be controlled. The restive crowd began to murmur.
restore verb level 1
to bring back to a former condition. Experts will restore the old painting to its original colors.
restrict verb level 1
to keep within limits; to reduce freedom or amount. The council voted to restrict parking on the narrow street.
retain verb level 1
to keep or continue to have. The old building will retain its original doors.
reticent adj level 2
unwilling to share thoughts or feelings. He was reticent about his past.
retract verb level 2
to draw back, or to take back a statement. The newspaper had to retract the false story.
reveal verb level 1
to make something known or visible that was hidden. The survey will reveal which subjects students enjoy most.
reverence noun level 2
deep respect and admiration. The students spoke of their teacher with reverence.
reverent adj level 2
showing deep respect. The visitors fell into a reverent silence.
reverse verb level 1
to change to the opposite direction or position. The court may reverse the earlier decision.
rhetoric noun level 2
the art of persuasive speaking or writing. The candidate's rhetoric stirred the crowd.
rigorous adj level 2
extremely thorough and strict. The athletes follow a rigorous training plan.
robust adj level 2
strong and healthy; able to withstand stress. The robust old fence survived the storm.
rudimentary adj level 2
basic or not fully developed. He has only a rudimentary knowledge of French.
ruminate verb level 2
to think deeply about something. She would ruminate over the problem for days.

S

sagacious adj level 2
having sound judgement; wise. A sagacious advisor warned them about the risks.
salient adj level 2
most noticeable or important. She listed the salient points of the report.
sanguine adj level 2
optimistic, especially in a difficult situation. She remained sanguine despite the setbacks.
sardonic adj level 2
grimly mocking or scornful. He gave a sardonic smile at the bad news.
satiate verb level 2
to satisfy fully, often to excess. The huge meal did satiate even the hungriest guest.
scarce adj level 1
not enough in supply; hard to find. Fresh water is scarce in the desert.
scathing adj level 2
severely critical. The reviewer wrote a scathing report on the play.
scheme noun level 1
a plan or system for doing something. The town started a scheme to plant ten thousand trees.
scrupulous adj level 2
careful to do what is right and avoid mistakes. The scrupulous clerk checked every figure twice.
scrutinize verb level 2
to examine very closely. Auditors scrutinize every receipt.
sector noun level 1
a distinct part of an economy or society. The technology sector hired thousands of workers last year.
sedentary adj level 2
involving much sitting and little exercise. A sedentary job can be hard on the back.
sequence noun level 1
a series of things that follow one another in a set order. Follow the sequence of steps shown in the diagram.
serendipity noun level 2
a lucky discovery made by chance. By serendipity, she found the rare book at a yard sale.
serene adj level 2
calm, peaceful and untroubled. The lake was serene at dawn.
servile adj level 2
too eager to serve or obey others. The servile clerk agreed with every word the boss said.
shift noun level 1
a change in position, direction or way of thinking. There has been a shift in opinion since last year.
shrewd adj level 2
clever and sharp in judging a situation. A shrewd trader, she never paid full price.
significant adj level 1
important or large enough to matter. There was a significant drop in noise after the road was repaired.
simulate verb level 1
to copy the conditions or behavior of something. The software can simulate a flight in stormy weather.
skeptical adj level 2
not easily convinced; having doubts. Scientists are skeptical of claims without proof.
slander noun level 2
a false spoken statement that harms someone's name. He sued the paper for slander.
solace noun level 2
comfort in a time of sadness. She found solace in music after the loss.
sole adj level 1
being the only one. The sole survivor of the voyage told the story.
solemn adj level 2
serious and dignified. The mood at the ceremony was solemn.
solicitous adj level 2
showing careful concern for someone. The solicitous nurse checked on every patient twice.
somber adj level 2
dark, dull or serious in mood. The somber music matched the gray day.
soporific adj level 2
causing sleepiness. The warm room and soft music were soporific.
spartan adj level 2
simple, plain and without comfort. The soldier lived in a spartan room with a single bed.
specific adj level 1
clearly stated or particular rather than general. Please give a specific reason for your choice.
spontaneous adj level 2
done on impulse, without planning. The crowd broke into spontaneous applause.
sporadic adj level 2
happening only now and then. There were sporadic showers through the morning.
spurious adj level 2
not genuine; false. The spurious claim was quickly disproved.
squalid adj level 2
extremely dirty and unpleasant. The family lived in squalid conditions.
squander verb level 2
to waste money, time or chances. Do not squander your savings on things you will not use.
stable adj level 1
firm and not likely to change or fall. The table is stable now that the leg is fixed.
staunch adj level 2
loyal and firm in support. She was a staunch supporter of the local team.
steadfast adj level 2
firmly loyal or fixed in purpose. They remained steadfast in the face of danger.
stigma noun level 2
a mark of shame or disgrace. There is still a stigma attached to asking for help.
stoic adj level 2
enduring pain or hardship without complaint. He was stoic about the long delay.
stolid adj level 2
calm and showing little emotion. The stolid guard did not react to the joke.
strategy noun level 1
a careful plan for achieving a goal. Our strategy is to save a little money each month.
strident adj level 2
loud and harsh in sound. The strident alarm woke the whole street.
structure noun level 1
the way parts are arranged to form a whole. The structure of the essay is easy to follow.
stupor noun level 2
a state of near-unconsciousness or dazed confusion. He sat in a stupor after the long journey.
subdued adj level 2
quiet and rather serious; toned down. The subdued crowd left the stadium without a word.
subsequent adj level 1
coming after something else. Subsequent studies confirmed the first findings.
substantiate verb level 2
to provide evidence to support a claim. Please substantiate the claim with figures.
substitute verb level 1
to use one thing in place of another. You can substitute honey for sugar in this recipe.
subtle adj level 2
not obvious; delicate or slight. There was a subtle change in her tone.
succinct adj level 2
brief and clearly expressed. A succinct email is more likely to be read.
succumb verb level 2
to give in to a strong force. He did not succumb to pressure from the crowd.
sufficient adj level 1
as much as is needed. Is there sufficient food for everyone?
sullen adj level 2
bad-tempered and silent. The sullen teenager refused to answer.
supercilious adj level 2
behaving as if one is better than others. The waiter gave a supercilious sniff.
superfluous adj level 2
more than is needed. Delete superfluous words to tighten your writing.
supplant verb level 2
to take the place of. Digital photos tend to supplant film in most homes.
supplement noun level 1
something added to complete or improve a thing. She takes a vitamin supplement in the winter.
surfeit noun level 2
an excessive amount of something. A surfeit of sweets made the children feel ill.
surreptitious adj level 2
done secretly to avoid being noticed. He took a surreptitious glance at his phone.
survive verb level 1
to continue to live or exist after danger. Some desert plants survive months without rain.
sustain verb level 1
to keep something going over time. The small farm can sustain a family of four.
sycophant noun level 2
a person who flatters the powerful for advantage. The king kept a sycophant at every door.
symbol noun level 1
something that stands for an idea or thing. A dove is a symbol of peace.

T

tacit adj level 2
understood without being said. They had a tacit agreement not to mention the argument.
taciturn adj level 2
saying very little. The taciturn farmer answered only in single words.
tangential adj level 2
only slightly connected to the main point. The comment was tangential to the discussion.
tangible adj level 2
able to be touched; clear and real. There was tangible excitement in the hall.
tantamount adj level 2
equivalent in effect to. Staying silent was tantamount to agreeing.
technique noun level 1
a particular way of doing something skilled. The painter used a new technique to blend the colors.
tedious adj level 2
tiresome because it is long and dull. The tedious lecture lasted three hours.
temerity noun level 2
excessive boldness. He had the temerity to ask for a second helping.
temporary adj level 1
lasting for only a limited time. The bridge is a temporary solution until a new one is built.
tenacious adj level 2
holding firmly to a goal; determined. A tenacious reporter, she chased the story for months.
tendency noun level 1
a likelihood to behave or develop in a certain way. Plants have a tendency to grow toward the light.
tenuous adj level 2
very weak or slight. The tenuous link between the two cases was hard to prove.
tepid adj level 2
only slightly warm; lacking enthusiasm. The audience gave a tepid response.
terse adj level 2
brief to the point of seeming rude. His terse reply made it clear he was annoyed.
theory noun level 1
an idea or set of ideas used to explain facts. Darwin's theory explained how species change over time.
thesis noun level 1
a main idea or argument put forward and defended. The author's thesis is that cities help people thrive.
thwart verb level 2
to prevent someone from doing something. A locked gate thwarted their plan.
timorous adj level 2
showing fear; timid. The timorous puppy hid behind the sofa.
tirade noun level 2
a long angry speech. She launched into a tirade against the late bus.
tolerate verb level 2
to accept something without complaint. The plant can tolerate drought for weeks.
torpid adj level 2
mentally or physically inactive; sluggish. The heat left everyone torpid and silent.
tradition noun level 1
a belief or practice handed down over generations. Lighting candles is a tradition in many cultures.
tranquil adj level 2
calm and peaceful. The lake was tranquil at dawn.
transform verb level 1
to change completely in form or appearance. A fresh coat of paint can transform a room.
transient adj level 2
lasting only a short time; passing. The island has a transient population of summer workers.
transmit verb level 1
to pass or send from one place or person to another. Mosquitoes can transmit disease from one person to another.
trend noun level 1
a general direction in which something is changing. There is a trend toward smaller families.
trepidation noun level 2
nervous fear about what may happen. She opened the letter with trepidation.
trite adj level 2
overused and so lacking in freshness. The card was full of trite phrases.
trivial adj level 2
of little value or importance. It was a trivial matter, soon forgotten.
truculent adj level 2
eager to argue or fight. The truculent customer shouted at the staff.
turbulent adj level 2
full of violent or unsteady movement. The turbulent river tossed the little boat.

U

ubiquitous adj level 2
seeming to be everywhere at once. Smartphones are now ubiquitous.
ultimate adj level 1
final or most important of all. The ultimate goal is a cleaner river.
umbrage noun level 2
a feeling of being offended. She took umbrage at the suggestion that she was late.
undergo verb level 1
to experience or be put through something. The old bridge will undergo repairs this summer.
undermine verb level 2
to weaken gradually, especially from below. Constant doubt can undermine your confidence.
uniform adj level 1
the same in all parts or at all times. The bricks were of uniform size.
unwieldy adj level 2
awkward to carry or manage because of size. The unwieldy parcel would not fit through the door.
urbane adj level 2
polite, smooth and well-mannered. The urbane host greeted every guest by name.
usurp verb level 2
to take a position or power by force or without right. The general tried to usurp the throne.
utilize verb level 1
to make practical use of something. Students can utilize the library after school.

V

vacillate verb level 2
to keep changing between opinions or actions. She would vacillate for hours over what to wear.
vague adj level 2
not clear or definite. Her directions were too vague to follow.
valid adj level 1
based on good reasons; acceptable. You have a valid point about the cost.
vary verb level 1
to be different from one another, or to change from time to time. Prices vary from shop to shop.
vast adj level 1
extremely large in size or amount. A vast desert lay between the two cities.
vehement adj level 2
showing strong feeling or force. He gave a vehement denial of the charge.
venal adj level 2
willing to be bribed; corrupt. The venal official took money to approve the plans.
venerate verb level 2
to treat with great respect. Many cultures venerate their elders.
veracity noun level 2
the quality of being true or honest. No one doubted the veracity of her account.
verbose adj level 2
using more words than needed. The verbose report could have been half as long.
verify verb level 1
to check that something is true or accurate. Please verify your address before you submit the form.
vestige noun level 2
a small trace of something that once existed. The ruins are the last vestige of a great city.
vex verb level 2
to annoy or worry. The long delay will vex many travelers.
vigilant adj level 2
keeping careful watch for danger. The guards stayed vigilant all night.
vilify verb level 2
to speak about in an abusively critical way. The newspaper began to vilify the mayor.
vindicate verb level 2
to clear someone of blame; to prove right. The new evidence vindicated the accused man.
vindictive adj level 2
wanting revenge. The vindictive neighbor never forgot a quarrel.
virtuous adj level 2
having high moral standards. The virtuous judge refused every bribe.
virulent adj level 2
extremely harmful or bitterly hostile. The virulent attack on the author shocked readers.
vital adj level 1
needed for life or for success. Water is vital to every living thing.
vitriolic adj level 2
filled with bitter criticism. The review was so vitriolic that the writer wept.
vivacious adj level 2
lively and attractive in personality. The vivacious host kept the party buzzing.
vociferous adj level 2
expressing opinions loudly and forcefully. The vociferous critics demanded an answer.
volatile adj level 2
likely to change suddenly or become violent. The volatile market rose and fell within an hour.
volume noun level 1
the amount of space something fills, or the loudness of sound. The volume of water in the tank is fifty liters.
voracious adj level 2
having a huge appetite, for food or for something else. A voracious reader, she finished a book every two days.

W

wane verb level 2
to become smaller or weaker. Public interest began to wane after a week.
wanton adj level 2
deliberate and without reason. The wanton destruction of the garden shocked the neighbors.
wary adj level 2
careful about possible danger. Be wary of emails that ask for your password.
wax verb level 2
to grow gradually larger or stronger. The moon will wax until it is full.
whet verb level 2
to sharpen, or to make more eager. The aroma of baking would whet anyone's appetite.
whimsical adj level 2
playfully odd or unusual. The garden had a whimsical collection of painted gnomes.
widespread adj level 1
found or happening over a large area. Concern about the flooding was widespread.
wily adj level 2
skilled at getting what one wants through cleverness. The wily fox outsmarted the hounds.
wistful adj level 2
full of sad, gentle longing. She gave a wistful look at the old photographs.
wrath noun level 2
extreme anger. The king's wrath fell upon the messenger.

Y

yield verb level 1
to produce a result or a crop. The experiment did not yield the results the team expected.

Z

zealous adj level 2
full of energy and enthusiasm for a cause. The zealous volunteers worked day and night.
zenith noun level 2
the highest point. The empire reached its zenith in the twelfth century.